Compatibility of the Ligand Binding Sites in the Spike Glycoprotein of COVID-19 with those in the Aminopeptidase and the Caveolins 1, 2 Proteins

A novel severe viral pneumonia emerged in Wuhan city, China, in December 2019. The spike glycoprotein of the SARS-CoV-2 plays a crucial role in the viral entry to the host cell and eliciting a strong response for antibody-mediated neutralization in mice. Caveolins 1,2 are scaffolding proteins dovetailed as a co-stimulatory signal essential for T-cell receptor and activation. Aminopeptidase is a membrane protein acting as a receptor for human coronavirus within the S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein. Vaccines for COVID-19 have become a priority for predisposition against the outbreak, so that our study aimed to find interaction sites between SP of SARS-CoV-2 and CAV1, CAV2, and AMPN. Methods: Amino acids motif search was employed to predict the possible CAV1, CAV2, and AMPN related interaction domains in the SARS-CoV-2 SP In silico analysis. Results: Interactions between proteins revealed 5 and16 residues. ZN ligand binding site is matched between AMPN and SARS- CoV-2 SP. HLA-A·74:01 allele is the best CTL epitope for SP. We identified seven B-cell epitopes specifically for SARS-CoV-2 SP. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 SP binding sites might be compatible with AMPN ligand binding sites. The limit score was detected for ligand binding sites of CAV1 and CAV2. Our findings might be critical for the further substantial study of vaccine production strategy.

Did the SARS-CoV-2 Come from Wild, Mutagenic or Artificial Type? Complete Genome Analysis

Questions that come to mind about the true genetic origin of the novel coronavirus and its direct source. As it is likely that these questions will be answered through aspects of the relationship between science and intelligence, the results of which will converge together in the end to some evidence. Materials and methods: The 29 complete coronavirus and HIV genomes were collected from various countries at random and conducted various bioinformatics instruments in order to find connections between viral sequences from various sources. Results: The closest similarity between the SARS-CoV-2 genomes approximately (99.98%). The small difference between genome sequences is considered as weak mutations occur even at the present time. This study revealed that the novel coronavirus had a structure identical to the HIV virus which it reached approximately 46.33%. Conclusions: It is not possible for the SARS-CoV-2 to be related to HIV through mutation, manipulation, or laboratory artificial. Laboratory mutation occurred in the Wuhan lab and led to the outbreak of the epidemic, deliberately or accidentally, and this will be determined later.

Inhibition of N-linked Glycosylation by Tunicamycin May Contribute to The Treatment of SARS-CoV-2.

SARS-CoV-2 remains a medical and economic challenge, due to the lack of a suitable drug or vaccine. The glycans in some proteins play a pivotal role in protein folding, oligomerization, quality control, sorting, and transport so the hindering of N-linked glycosylation of glycoproteins will prevent assembly of the virion. Tunicamycin an anticancer drug inhibit the N- linked glycans. Our study aimed to find out the mechanism action of tunicamycin on the viral glycoproteins. The growth of coronavirus in the presence inhibitor tunicamycin resulted in the production of spikeless, non-infectious virions which were devoid of S protein. We concluded that tunicamycin inhibits E2, S, and M glycoproteins of coronaviruses. Tunicamycin is also diminished glycosylation of PTMs such as HE, and 8 ab of SARS-CoV. Finally, we recommend using this drug to treat the SARS-CoV-2.